Şehzade (prince) Selim, who was born as the youngest son of Sultan Bayezid 2 and Dulkadir Princess Ayşe Hatun in Amasya in 1470, was compared to his gramps Sultan Mehmed II, too known as Mehmed the Conquistador. He was fifty-fifty sent to Istanbul for a while in his childhood. He later said that he remembered his grandpa belongings him in his arms and loving him.
In line with customs, he was sent as a governor to Trabzon with his mother at a immature age. Acting as sovereign there for 25 years, he organized three expeditions to Georgia in 1508 due to their violation of the status quo on the border and conquered the cities of Kars, Erzurum and Artvin. Islam subsequently began to spread among the Georgians, who established close contacts with the Ottomans.
A miniature of Sultan Selim by primary Ottoman miniaturist Nakkaş Osman. (Wikimedia Photograph)
Meanwhile, Iranian Shah Ismail – the founder of the Safavid dynasty – was trying to boss Anatolia while also disseminating Shiite propaganda amongst the people at the aforementioned fourth dimension. Şehzade Selim conquered the sometime Aq Qoyunlu lands in Eastern Anatolia with a small-scale number of war machine forces under his command, using the opportunity of the shah'south attack on the Beylik of Dulkadir by passing through Ottoman lands.
The shah, who coveted these lands past claiming to be the Aq Qoyunlu heir and was a member of the extremist fly of the Shiite sect, sent his brother to fight Selim. Defeating the Safavid forces near Erzincan, Selim gained great prestige. Thereupon, the shah sent an envoy to Sultan Bayezid II and apologized. The sultan, who did non want to cause problems, accustomed the apology.
Succession struggle
Şehzade Selim, on the other hand, reconstructed his vilayet (province) and commissioned a mosque in Giresun, which did not survive to date. Sunni people fleeing from the Safavids settled in Trabzon. He objected to his father's seeing his eldest son Ahmed as the heir to the throne. The soldiers clearly declared their back up for him.
A 16th-century miniature shows the struggle between Sultan Selim and Şehzade Ahmed. (Wikimedia Photo)
Meanwhile, Shah Kulu, one of the agents sent by Shah Ismail who was besides described in Ottoman sources as "Şeytan Kulu," meaning "Devil'due south Slave," attempted to incite a revolution in Anatolia in 1511 but was defeated. The ill and tired sultan abdicated in favor of Selim considering of his sensitivity to the Safavid danger and died soon after in 1512.
Şehzade Korkut and the children of his deceased brothers accepted Selim as the sultan but his other brother Ahmed, supported by the viziers, objected to this decision. Thereupon, Selim defeated Ahmed and had him executed.
Some viziers and soldiers from the eye wrote a letter to Şehzade Korkut, whom Sultan Selim loved very much and had assigned every bit the governor of Manisa. They stated that they wanted to see him equally sultan and that the conditions were ready for this. Although it is said that Sultan Selim had these letters written to examination his brother, he really did not need such an action. Instead of informing his blood brother nearly the state of affairs, Şehzade Korkut accepted the offer. Thereupon, he and all the other şehzades were executed. It is said that Sultan Selim was very upset when he made this decision for a greater purpose.
Unity of faith
Subsequently securing the throne, Sultan Selim avant-garde on the Safavids and imposed a trade embargo on Islamic republic of iran. He likewise received fatwas from scholars regarding the legitimacy of the expedition. Following a long march under hard weather condition, Shah Ismail was defeated in the boxing in the Çaldıran plain, which is located in modern-solar day Islamic republic of iran today, in 1514. Leaving his treasures and even his wife on the battlefield, Shah Ismail barely saved his life. The capital city of Tabriz fell into the easily of the Ottomans.
A miniature depicts the Battle of Chaldiran. (Wikimedia Photo)
This victory addressed the danger against the unity of religion of the Turkish world. The Friday prayer performed in Tabriz symbolized the victory of Sunnism over Shiism. Thus, Sultan Selim started to be also known as Selim Shah and the coins he printed were besides called shahi.
After the victory, Sultan Selim marched on the Principality of Dulkadir, which fought on the side of the Safavids despite being under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire and destroyed the Ottoman supply centers. At the same time, he defeated Alaüddevle Bey, who was also known as Bozkurt of Dulkadir and the father of Sultan Selim'southward mother, in the Battle of Turnadağ and added his lands to the Ottoman state.
The Sunni people of eastern and southeastern Anatolia were against Shah Ismail, under whom they were subjected to not bad persecution. For this reason, they came under Ottoman rule without a war. The Kurdish beys of these lands were granted autonomy. Thus, the geographical integrity of Anatolia was ensured.
Mamluk Sultan al-Ghuri. (Wikimedia Photo)
The Janissaries, who were tired of the long march during the Iran campaign, rebelled. When they returned from the campaign, Sultan Selim reorganized the janissary corps and established the method of appointing the aghas from the palace, not from the officers of the janissary, and continued the corps directly to the sultan.
Toward Egypt
The Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri of Circassian origin was worried about the Ottoman expansion and thus supported the Safavids. Sultan Selim was non late in taking revenge for this action. After receiving a fatwa from the Sheikh al-Islam regarding the legitimacy of this expedition on a Muslim country, he marched to the south. Both armies consisted of 60,000 soldiers.
In 1516, the Mamluk regular army was defeated in a identify called Dabiq (Marj Dabiq) in Syrian arab republic, and Sultan al-Ghuri was killed in the heart of the war. The Mamluk State had not lost whatsoever battle since its establishment, and even Emir Timur (Tamerlane) could not affect them.
Syria and Palestine came under Ottoman rule. Sultan Selim sent envoys to Tuman bay II, who ascended the throne of Arab republic of egypt, and said that if the new sultan recognized Selim's suzerainty, he could continue to rule Arab republic of egypt. Tuman bay, who did non think that Sultan Selim could cross the Sinai Desert, was very angry and had the Ottoman ambassadors killed.
A miniature of the Boxing of Marj Dabiq. (Wikimedia Photo)
Thereupon, Sultan Selim, who marched on Egypt, crossed the Sinai Desert in 13 days, a feat just Cambyses 2 of the Achaemenid Empire and Alexander 3 of Macedon – commonly known as Alexander the Swell – had acheived before, in 1517. In his campaigns, he paid swell attention to taking fortification measures beforehand. The Mamluk regular army was defeated at the Battle of Ridaniya and Cairo fell.
Tuman bay fled to engage in guerilla warfare. He received the envoys who relayed the gild of the divan (quango) telling him that if he surrendered, he would be spared. He was finally caught. Admiring his heroism, Sultan Selim greeted him with respect. He was executed in public 15 days later over concerns that he would accept revenge at the starting time opportunity.
Enemy's weapon
The Mamluks, who by and large got along well with the Ottomans, remained the most powerful state of their time upwardly until and then. All the same, they became dependent on the Ottomans for strategic materials from the 16th century onward. Against the mobile cannons of the Ottomans in the conquest of Arab republic of egypt, the Egyptians had fixed cannons. Therefore, they could not mountain any counteraction confronting the Ottoman attacks. When Tuman bay told Sultan Selim after the battle that he won the war with the help of firearms instead of his heroism, the sultan reminded him of the 60th verse of Surah Al Anfal, the eighth chapter of the Quran, "Prepare confronting them (the enemy) whatever forcefulness you can."
Upon the conquest of Arab republic of egypt, Sherif Abu'l-Barakat en-Nümeyy, the Emir of the Hejaz under Mamluk rule, handed the Hejaz over to the sultan. Sultan Selim recognized the existing political privileges of the Hejaz and left the sherif, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, at the head of the Hejaz. (The sherif was the bang-up-grandfather of the current Jordanian king.) This is how the Hejaz was ruled for centuries.
A painting depicts Sultan Selim'south Egypt Entrada. (Wikimedia Photo)
Sultan Selim toured Cairo. He affirmed the privileges given to foreign traders during the Mamluks. The Portuguese interpreted the fact that he had a large fleet prepare in Suez as a time to come expedition to India. The first Ottoman-Portuguese struggle started in the Red Body of water and the Arabian Sea. If it had not been conquered, possibly Arab republic of egypt would not accept been able to escape the Portuguese threat. Venice began to pay the Ottomans the tribute it had paid to the Mamluks for Cyprus until and then.
Sultan Selim welcomed the last Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil with respect. He sent the caliph and the sultan'due south family unit, famous scholars, craftsmen and merchants to Istanbul with the navy. In September 1517, he prepare out to return the fashion he had come. Meanwhile, northern Iraq, peculiarly Mosul, came under Ottoman rule. He arrived in Istanbul in July 1518.
A miniature depicts Sultan Selim in Topkapı Palace. (Wikimedia Photo)
No other expedition to which the sultan attended himself lasted that long, and there had never been such a campaign. Great ceremonies were held in Istanbul. The people were waiting to greet the bang-up conquistador. Only the sultan, who did non like to prove off, went to the palace with a few people in a boat at night, and everyone was informed that the next 24-hour interval the sultan had returned.
Who were we with?
He stayed in Istanbul for a few months and so set out for Edirne with the intention of going on an expedition to an unknown destination in 1520. The sultan, who had diabetes, incidentally died in Çorlu, where his father passed abroad some 8 years agone, as a cluster of boils chosen anthrax (charbon) between his 2 shoulders caused claret poisoning (sepsis). He was 50 years sometime. His body was brought to Istanbul. Hundreds of thousands of people poured into the street and bid him farewell in tears. He was cached in the garden of the mosque he had ordered built in the urban center'due south Fatih commune.
On his sickbed, he asked his courtier Hasan Tin can: "What is this situation?" Hasan Can said, "My sultan, it's fourth dimension to be with Allah." The reply of Sultan Selim is too famous: "Who did you call up we were with all this fourth dimension?" Hasan Can started to recite Surah Ya-Sin, the 36th chapter of the Quran, at the bedside of the sultan. When he was reciting the 58th verse about "selam" (the peace, the approving) from Allah, Sultan Selim passed away.
It was estimated that the last expedition was actually planned to exist on Rhodes, since 150 ships were prepared in the Istanbul shipyard. Only surely his greatest goal was to enter Islamic republic of iran and to completely eliminate the Safavids, who disrupted the Turkish-Islamic faith and political unity.
An Ottoman miniature depicts Sultan Selim I on his deathbed. (Wikimedia Photograph)
He is considered the greatest of the Ottoman sultans in terms of conquests. His armed services genius followed his grandfather Sultan Mehmed II. The conquests that took place in the four years of his brusque reign were preserved for four centuries. He extended the borders of the 2,373,000-square-kilometer (916,220-square-mile) empire he inherited from his male parent to 6,557,000 square kilometers on 3 continents.
National crusade
Selim devoted himself to the ideal of Islamic unity. Since he guessed that the real danger would come from the eastward, he channeled all his energy to that region during his reign. Thus, he enabled those who came after him to operate more safely in Europe and the Mediterranean.
Sultan Selim rarely dismounted from his equus caballus, always going on expeditions during his princedom and sultanate, and spent a very small office of his life in his palace. It was this idealism that separated Sultan Selim from his brothers. Historians explicate his resoluteness with this ideal of the national crusade. For this reason, those who feared him referred to him past the name "Yavuz," pregnant "Resolute," while he was still live.
He gave smashing importance to the navy, significant that master sailors began to be cultivated in his fourth dimension. He established an enormous shipyard in the Golden Horn along with commissioning shipyards in other coastal cities.
An interior view from the Yavuz Selim Mosque, Istanbul. (Shutterstock Photo)
He filled the treasury to the skirt and said, "Whoever fills the treasury with aureate after me, let information technology exist sealed with his seal. Otherwise, permit information technology be sealed with my seal!" Therefore, the treasury was sealed with his seal until the end of the empire.
He is described to be tough-looking simply he would have the right word. His greatest trait was determination, which meant he was considered a harsh ruler. "Consult people around yous in diplomacy of the moment. And when you have decided, then rely upon Allah. Indeed, Allah loves those who rely upon him." He acted in line with this tafsir (exegesis) of Surah Al Imran, the third chapter of the Quran. Everyone could talk freely well-nigh their ideas at the council meetings. But once the decision was made, he would not forgive fifty-fifty the slightest hesitation. As a matter of fact, he did not hesitate to punish Hemdem Pasha, who offered to render during the Iran entrada, although he loved him very much.
At that place was an excellent intelligence service, and hole-and-corner officers were everywhere during his reign. They would inform the sultan of what was going on. The sultan himself often mingled freely with the crowd wearing ordinary clothes. He never showed negligence in the service of justice. As a matter of fact, upon the return of the Iranian expedition, some soldiers looted the surroundings on the manner and were punished by the sultan. Sultan Selim also dismissed Yard Vizier Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha and Vizier Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha and punished them by destroying their tents in line with an former Turkish tradition.
An engraving of Sultan Selim I by High german engraver Johann Theodor de Bry. (Wikimedia Photograph)
Sultan, 1 of forty hafiz
With the conquest of Egypt, the symbolic Abbasid Caliphate came to an end. The championship of sultanate and caliphate merged under the Ottoman sultanate. Thus, the caliphate, which had only spiritual authority for almost 5 centuries, gained worldly authorization again. When he was returning from the conquest of Egypt, the khatib in the Aleppo Mosque called the sultan Hakema'l-Haramain – pregnant the ruler of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Nonetheless, Sultan Selim, who was in the congregation, objected and corrected him, maxim he was Hadem'al-Haramain(servant of the two holy cities). He commissioned the Bedchamber of the Sacred Relics in the palace and entrusted the protection of the sacred relics to the Enderun (palace school) officers. He started the tradition of xl hafiz (one who knows the whole Quran by middle) reciting the Quran continuously in this chamber and also participated in the starting time few shifts and recited the Quran in social club to be blest. This tradition continued until the menstruation of the commonwealth.
Sultan Selim was inclined toward Sufism. Like his father, his miracles are mentioned a lot. He was a follower of Sheikh Halimi Çelebi of the Zeyniye guild. He was described every bit a truthful dervish with an extraordinarily small and simple life. He visited the Naqshbandi Sheikh Muhammed Bedahşi in Damascus and had a conversation with him. He is the sovereign near whom the highest number of legends were told among the people, which indicates his distinct grapheme from others.
A portrait of Sultan Selim by an unknown European painter. (Wikimedia Photo)
Ibn Arabi, the corking scholar who lived at the beginning of the 13th century, makes very interesting discoveries about the Ottoman Empire in his piece of work called "Shajara al-Numaniyya fi'l-Dawla al-Uthmaniyya." He says, "When Sin (Selim) enters Shin, Ibn Arabi's grave is revealed." As a matter of fact, when Sultan Selim, whose proper name starts with the Arabic letter sin, entered Sham whose proper noun starts with the Standard arabic letter of the alphabet shin, he plant Ibn Arabi'southward grave and commissioned a tomb on it and a mosque adjacent to it.
Nosotros'll take your beard!
Sultan Selim is said to accept been tall, big-boned, with a broad breast and a round face. He had big dark-brown eyes. Since his body was long compared to his legs, he looked very imposing on a horse. He used to wear a special turban chosen Selimi.
He is ane of the three sultans who did not abound a beard. Rumor has it that when he came to the throne, the viziers thought about what to do with this difficult sultan and said, "We'll take his beard in hand (bring him under our command), as we did with his father." When Sultan Selim heard this discussion, he did not grow a beard.
He could hands utilise any kind of weapon. He was sportive and loved to hunt and swim. It is known that he used to swim in the Bosporus and swoop into large rivers during expeditions.
The sanduka of Sultan Selim inside the Yavuz Selim Mosque, Istanbul. (Shutterstock Photograph)
It is said that he slept very lilliputian. He was not addicted of harem life either. His only known married woman was Hafsa Hatun, the daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray. She had a son named Şehzade Süleyman and 6 daughters.
The dirty kaftan
He was a gracious person. He said about Sinan Pasha, who was killed in the Boxing of Ridaniya in Egypt, "We took Egypt, just we lost a person similar Sinan."
On the mode back from the Arab republic of egypt expedition, he was walking side by side with Ibn Kemal, one of the bully scholars of the time. Ibn Kemal's equus caballus splashed mud on the sultan. The sultan said, "The mud that splashes from the hoof of scholars' horses is an laurels for united states of america."
He had willed this robe to be draped over his grave when he died. This robe is nevertheless on Sultan Selim's sanduka, a type of traditional cenotaph.
Even though he did non know Western languages, he was a scholar like his father and gramps. He was particularly interested in history. In his spare time, he always read and wore spectacles. He had read thousands of volumes of books. He was so interested in reading that he kept a book with him even on his way to and from the state of war, and read it at suitable times. The fact that he personally read the "Tarih-i Vassaf" – a volume on the history of Mongols written past 13th and 14th-century historian Vassaf – is plenty to show the intellectual level of the sultan.
Italian historian Paolo Giovio, who lived in the same century, says that the sultan read most Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great. He was a master poet. About all of his poems are in Persian.
A portrait of Sultan Selim I by Paolo Veronese. (Wikimedia Photo)
Modesty and simplicity
Near all sources draw Sultan Selim as an extraordinarily modest and simple person. All his fierceness and majesty were in the affairs of the state. In his individual life, he was calm, shy and modest. He was no different from an ordinary scholar when he put on his glasses and read a volume at night in his room.
Returning from the Arab republic of egypt expedition, when he looked at the magnificent outfit of his son, Şehzade Süleyman, who welcomed him in Edirne, he uttered his famous for saying: "My son! If you clothes like this, what will your mother wear?" As a affair of fact, the most modest of the sultans' wearing apparel on display in the Topkapı Palace are those that belong to him.
When Antonio Iustiniani, the ambassador to Venice, was asked how he saw the sultan, he replied, "The shine of the sword on his waist caught my middle then much that I couldn't see him well." When the vizier Ahmed Pasha conveyed this, the sultan smiled and said the following historical saying: "Every bit long as our sword'due south edge cuts, the enemy's optics will non run across our clothes!"
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